Role of antioxidant enzymes for various economic crops under fluoride stress conditions with impact on sustainable development of the society

Abstract

Fluoride, a common ion in the environment is hazardous to all living beings, when exposed in excess concentration. Plants exposed to fluoride over an extended period of time experience changes in their physiological characteristics, biochemistry, and molecular make up. Fluoride induced oxidative stress decreases germination, damages structure of organelles like mitochondrial and chloroplast, affects membrane permeability to ions, disturbs electrolyte balance, and reduces photosynthetic efficiency, all of which affect plant growth, biomass, and production. New approaches to ameliorate fluoride stress impact in plants have been explored in the recent study. Genetic engineering of genes has proven to be an effective strategy for fighting abiotic stress. Such genetic engineering provokes certain pathways with regard to abiotic stress tolerance, and this allows for the generation of stress-tolerant crop varieties that was not possible with traditional breeding methods. This article examines the effects of fluoride induced stress, on the physiological and biochemical indices, antioxidant enzyme activity as well as the amelioration strategies used. Several genetically engineered plants against broad spectrum abiotic stress. These mitigation approaches, essential for overcoming extreme stress situations. Crops that are fluoride stress tolerant and resistant can be designed in the near future with the use of antioxidant enzymes, helping to increase crop production